"Through more than nine centuries of shifting borders, environmental change, and political evolution, Turkey has been a cultural melting pot and a nation-state bent on ethnic unity. It has seen conquest and reform, appeals to tradition and calls to modernize. It has been a home to Christians, Jews, Muslims, and more, and it has aggressively pursued both secularization and Islamization. Built on the foundations of the Ottoman Empire—the most enduring, and perhaps the most important, Islamic empire in history—Turkey’s long, complex history is beset by political and religious turmoil. But the country’s national story also illuminates a rich culture developed over thousands of years, reflecting culinary diversity, artisan craftsmanship, and architectural achievement. In this concise yet nuanced overview, historian Benjamin Fortna examines Turkey’s complex trajectory from ancient Byzantine civilization to modern republic, through to the present-day leadership by the populist, authoritarian President Recep Tayy